Does Walmart Do COVID Testing? Unveiling the Details

Does Walmart do COVID testing? Well, let’s just say that the retail giant has been a significant player in the pandemic response, transforming its parking lots and pharmacies into vital testing hubs. From the early days of uncertainty to the present, Walmart has adapted and evolved, becoming a convenient option for many seeking answers. This journey is not just about swabs and results; it’s a story of rapid adaptation, community support, and the relentless pursuit of accessible healthcare.

Get ready to dive into the world of Walmart’s COVID-19 testing services – it’s more interesting than you might think!

Initially, Walmart stepped up to the plate, collaborating with various healthcare providers and government agencies. They set up testing sites, making it easier for people to get tested. They offered various test types, including PCR and rapid antigen tests. As time went on, Walmart tweaked its offerings, responding to the changing needs of the public. They made changes to their locations, procedures, and test types based on what was needed at the time.

You’ll also learn about the cost, insurance coverage, and how you receive your results. Let’s not forget the preparation tips, and the behind-the-scenes look at the experience of getting tested at a Walmart location.

Walmart’s COVID-19 Testing Services

Does walmart do covid testing

Walmart’s journey through the COVID-19 pandemic has been marked by a significant commitment to public health, evolving from a provider of essential goods to a key player in the nation’s testing infrastructure. Their proactive approach demonstrates their adaptability and responsiveness to the ever-changing needs of the communities they serve. This commitment wasn’t just about providing tests; it was about accessibility, convenience, and contributing to the collective effort to combat the virus.

History of Walmart’s Involvement in COVID-19 Testing

Walmart’s entry into the world of COVID-19 testing wasn’t a sudden event; it was a carefully orchestrated expansion of their healthcare services. Recognizing the crucial need for widespread testing, they partnered with various entities, including government agencies and healthcare providers, to establish testing sites across the country. Initially, the focus was on offering drive-thru testing, leveraging their existing infrastructure and logistical capabilities to reach a broad demographic.

This early involvement was a pivotal step, transforming the retail giant into a vital component of the national response. Over time, the program adapted to include a wider range of testing options and integrated with evolving public health guidelines.

Timeline of Walmart’s Testing Services

The evolution of Walmart’s COVID-19 testing services reflects the dynamic nature of the pandemic and the company’s commitment to staying ahead of the curve. From the initial drive-thru setups to the integration of various test types, their timeline showcases a remarkable ability to adapt and respond to the changing needs of the public. This adaptability helped Walmart solidify its role as a key provider of essential healthcare services during a time of crisis.

  • Early 2020: Walmart began offering drive-thru COVID-19 testing at select locations, primarily in partnership with state and local health authorities. These initial testing sites were designed to provide a convenient and accessible option for individuals seeking tests. The process involved individuals scheduling appointments online and remaining in their vehicles while being tested.
  • Late 2020: Walmart expanded its testing capabilities and geographic reach. They started to offer more testing locations and increased testing capacity, aiming to accommodate a larger number of individuals. They also started to partner with various healthcare providers to streamline testing processes.
  • 2021: The company introduced at-home testing kits, providing another convenient option for individuals to test themselves. This expansion allowed individuals to test in the comfort of their homes, further enhancing accessibility. The introduction of at-home testing kits represented a significant step in the evolution of Walmart’s testing services.
  • 2022 onwards: As the pandemic evolved, Walmart adjusted its testing services based on public health guidelines and demand. They integrated the sale of over-the-counter tests and adapted to changing regulations regarding testing and vaccination. The company maintained a presence in the testing landscape, aligning its services with the ongoing needs of the community.

Types of COVID-19 Tests Offered by Walmart

Walmart’s approach to COVID-19 testing has encompassed a variety of test types, catering to different needs and preferences. From rapid antigen tests to more sensitive PCR tests, their offerings have evolved to align with the latest scientific understanding and public health guidelines. This comprehensive approach ensured that individuals had access to the most appropriate testing options, based on their specific circumstances.

  • PCR Tests: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests are considered the gold standard for COVID-19 detection. These tests detect the virus’s genetic material and are highly accurate. Walmart offered PCR tests through partnerships with healthcare providers, with samples typically collected via nasal swabs. The samples were then sent to a lab for analysis, with results usually available within a few days.

  • Rapid Antigen Tests: Rapid antigen tests provide quick results, often within minutes. These tests detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus. Walmart offered over-the-counter rapid antigen tests for purchase, as well as testing services at select locations. These tests are useful for quick screening and can help individuals determine if they are likely contagious.
  • At-Home Tests: Walmart also provided at-home testing kits, including both PCR and rapid antigen tests. These kits allowed individuals to collect their samples at home and send them to a lab for analysis (PCR tests) or receive immediate results (rapid antigen tests). This provided a convenient option for those who preferred to test in the privacy of their homes.

Availability of Testing: Does Walmart Do Covid Testing

Access to COVID-19 testing is a critical component of public health, and Walmart has stepped up to provide convenient and accessible testing options. This section delves into the specifics of where and how you can get tested, ensuring you have the information you need to stay informed and safe. We’ll explore the locations, scheduling processes, and regional variations in services to give you a comprehensive understanding.

Locations Where Testing is Offered

Walmart’s commitment to accessibility extends to providing testing at numerous locations across the country. The following table provides a general overview. Please note that availability may change, so always verify specific location details using the online portal.

State Availability Testing Sites (Examples) Notes
California High Multiple locations in Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Diego Drive-thru and walk-in options available at select sites.
Texas High Houston, Dallas, San Antonio Rapid antigen tests and PCR tests offered.
Florida Moderate Miami, Orlando, Tampa Appointment strongly recommended, especially for PCR tests.
New York Moderate New York City, Buffalo, Albany Testing sites often located in or near pharmacies.

Scheduling a COVID-19 Test

The process for scheduling a COVID-19 test at Walmart is designed to be user-friendly, offering flexibility in how you choose to get tested. Whether you prefer to plan ahead or need immediate results, Walmart strives to accommodate your needs.

  • Online Portals: The primary method for scheduling is through Walmart’s website or the Walmart app. This allows you to select a location, choose a test type (antigen or PCR, depending on availability), and book an appointment at your convenience. You’ll typically be asked to provide basic information, such as your name, contact details, and insurance information.
  • Walk-in Availability: While appointments are generally recommended, some locations may offer walk-in testing, especially for rapid antigen tests. However, walk-in availability can be subject to site capacity and demand, so it’s always best to check ahead or be prepared for potential wait times.
  • Appointment Requirements: For PCR tests, appointments are usually mandatory due to the nature of the testing process and the need to manage laboratory logistics. When scheduling, you’ll be provided with detailed instructions on how to prepare for your test, including any necessary documentation or pre-test instructions.

Geographical Availability and Regional Differences

The availability of COVID-19 testing services at Walmart can vary based on your location. Factors such as local health regulations, demand, and resource availability influence the specific services offered in different regions.

  • Regional Variations: Some regions may have a greater concentration of testing sites than others, reflecting population density and local health needs. For instance, metropolitan areas often have more testing locations compared to rural areas.
  • Test Type Availability: The types of tests offered (e.g., rapid antigen, PCR) can also vary. While rapid antigen tests are widely available, PCR tests, which offer higher accuracy, may be more limited in some areas due to laboratory capacity and turnaround times.
  • Service Modifications: During periods of high demand or evolving public health guidance, Walmart may adjust its testing services. This could involve changes to operating hours, appointment availability, or the types of tests offered. Staying informed about local updates is essential.

Types of Tests Offered

Walmart provides several testing options to help you stay informed about your health. Choosing the right test depends on your individual needs and the urgency of your results. Let’s delve into the specifics of each test type, comparing their key features and outlining the process.

Detailed Comparison of COVID-19 Tests

The COVID-19 tests offered by Walmart differ in accuracy, speed, and cost. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for making an informed decision.

Test Type Accuracy Turnaround Time Cost Key Features
Rapid Antigen Test Generally accurate when detecting symptomatic cases; may have lower sensitivity than PCR for asymptomatic individuals. Results available within minutes (typically 15-30 minutes). Varies depending on location and insurance coverage. Some are free, while others may require payment. Quick and convenient; ideal for immediate results; often used for screening.
PCR Test (Polymerase Chain Reaction) Considered the “gold standard” for accuracy; highly sensitive and can detect even small amounts of the virus. Results typically available within 24-72 hours, although this can vary based on lab capacity. Varies depending on location and insurance coverage. Most accurate; recommended for confirmation of positive rapid tests and for individuals with symptoms or exposure.

Taking a Rapid Antigen Test at Walmart: A Step-by-Step Guide

The rapid antigen test offers a quick and convenient way to check for COVID-19. Here’s a breakdown of the process.

  1. Registration: You may need to register online or in-person at the Walmart pharmacy or testing site. This often involves providing your personal information, insurance details, and consent for testing.
  2. Sample Collection: A trained healthcare professional will collect a sample, usually through a nasal swab.
  3. Testing: The sample is processed using a rapid antigen test kit.
  4. Result: You’ll receive your results within approximately 15-30 minutes.

Types of Samples Collected for Testing

Different types of samples are collected for COVID-19 testing, depending on the test type and the testing site’s protocols.The methods used to collect samples vary. The two most common types are:

  • Nasal Swab:

    A healthcare professional inserts a swab into your nostril and gently rotates it to collect a sample from the back of the nasal passage. This is the most common method for rapid antigen tests and some PCR tests.

    The procedure is usually quick and relatively painless, although some people may experience mild discomfort.

  • Saliva Sample:

    In some cases, you may be asked to provide a saliva sample. This typically involves spitting into a collection tube. This method is often used for PCR tests.

    Before collecting the sample, it is often recommended to avoid eating, drinking, or brushing your teeth for a certain period, as these activities can affect the test results.

Cost and Insurance Coverage for COVID-19 Testing

Does walmart do covid testing

Understanding the financial aspects of COVID-19 testing is crucial for ensuring accessibility and peace of mind. Walmart strives to provide affordable testing options, and it’s essential to be aware of the associated costs and insurance coverage details. Navigating these aspects helps individuals make informed decisions about their health and well-being.

Out-of-Pocket Expenses and Test Costs

The cost of a COVID-19 test at Walmart can vary depending on several factors. While some tests may be offered at no cost to the individual, particularly if covered by insurance or government programs, it’s essential to understand the potential for out-of-pocket expenses.The actual price of a test can depend on the type of test administered, the location, and whether insurance is utilized.

Individuals without insurance coverage or those opting for tests not covered by their plan should be prepared for potential fees. It’s recommended to inquire about the specific cost during appointment scheduling or when arriving at the testing site. Walmart often provides clear pricing information to ensure transparency.

Insurance Coverage for COVID-19 Testing

Walmart accepts a wide range of insurance providers for COVID-19 testing, making it easier for individuals to access necessary healthcare services. Knowing which insurance plans are accepted is vital for minimizing or eliminating out-of-pocket costs.Walmart’s insurance coverage generally aligns with federal guidelines and mandates, ensuring that most individuals with health insurance can receive testing at little or no cost. It is recommended to contact Walmart directly or check their website for an up-to-date list of accepted insurance providers.

  • Commonly Accepted Insurance Providers: The most common providers are accepted, including Aetna, Cigna, UnitedHealthcare, Blue Cross Blue Shield, and many others.
  • Verification is Key: Always verify your specific plan’s coverage for COVID-19 testing before your appointment.
  • Bring Your Insurance Card: Be sure to bring your insurance card and any necessary identification to the testing site.

Financial Assistance and Free Testing Options

Walmart is committed to making COVID-19 testing accessible to everyone, and that commitment often includes options for those facing financial hardship. Various programs and initiatives may provide free or low-cost testing.Government programs and initiatives often play a crucial role in providing free testing options. These initiatives, frequently in partnership with pharmacies and healthcare providers like Walmart, ensure that cost is not a barrier to accessing essential healthcare services.

Individuals should research any available local or federal programs that can help.

“Accessibility to testing, regardless of socioeconomic status, is a core value.”

In addition, Walmart may offer its own programs or partner with organizations to provide financial assistance or free testing to those who qualify. Checking the Walmart website or contacting their customer service is an excellent way to discover available programs.

Test Results and Reporting

Receiving your COVID-19 test results from Walmart is designed to be a straightforward and efficient process. Walmart understands the importance of timely and accessible information, and they’ve implemented systems to ensure you receive your results promptly and with clarity. The process is designed to be user-friendly, minimizing any potential stress or confusion during an already challenging time.

Receiving Your Test Results

Walmart offers a few convenient ways to receive your COVID-19 test results, typically within a specific timeframe. The delivery method often depends on the type of test administered and the testing location. For example, rapid antigen tests generally provide results much faster than PCR tests.

  • Online Portal: Many Walmart locations provide access to an online portal where you can securely view and download your results. You’ll typically receive instructions on how to access this portal during your testing appointment. This method is often the quickest way to receive your results.
  • Email: You may receive your results via email. Ensure the email address you provide during registration is accurate and accessible.
  • Text Message: Some locations may send results via text message, providing a quick notification of your result.
  • Phone Call: In certain cases, particularly for positive results, you might receive a phone call from a healthcare professional to discuss your results and provide guidance.

The typical turnaround time for results varies depending on the test type. Rapid antigen tests usually provide results within minutes, often 15-30 minutes. PCR tests, which are more sensitive, can take longer, typically ranging from 24 to 72 hours, though this can vary based on laboratory processing times and demand. Keep in mind that these are general timelines, and it’s always best to inquire about the expected timeframe at the time of your test.

Understanding the timeframe is crucial, as it allows individuals to plan accordingly and take appropriate measures, especially if awaiting a result for travel or work requirements.

Information in a Typical COVID-19 Test Result Report

Your COVID-19 test result report from Walmart will contain essential information that is clear, concise, and easy to understand. This information is designed to provide you with the necessary details to interpret your result and take appropriate action.The report will typically include:

  • Patient Information: Your name, date of birth, and any other identifying information you provided during registration.
  • Test Type: The specific type of COVID-19 test performed (e.g., PCR, antigen).
  • Date and Time of Collection: The date and time the sample was collected.
  • Date and Time of Result: The date and time the test result was finalized.
  • Result: The test result itself, which will be reported as either “Positive,” “Negative,” or “Inconclusive.”
  • Laboratory Information: The name and contact information of the laboratory that processed the test.
  • Healthcare Provider Information: The name and contact information of the healthcare provider or Walmart location that administered the test.
  • Additional Notes: Any additional relevant information, such as limitations of the test or recommendations for follow-up care.

An example of a PCR test result report might state “SARS-CoV-2 RNA Detected” for a positive result. An antigen test might simply state “Positive” or “Negative” with a corresponding description.

Steps to Take If Your Test Result Is Positive

Receiving a positive COVID-19 test result can be a daunting experience. Walmart provides clear guidance on the next steps to take, helping individuals navigate the situation and protect themselves and others. It’s essential to act quickly and follow the recommended guidelines to minimize the spread of the virus.Here’s what you should do if your COVID-19 test result is positive:

  • Isolate Yourself: Immediately begin isolating yourself from others. Stay at home and avoid contact with anyone outside of your household. The length of isolation typically depends on the current guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) or local health authorities, but generally it’s around 5 days from the onset of symptoms, or from the date of the test if you are asymptomatic, followed by wearing a mask for an additional 5 days.

  • Notify Close Contacts: Inform anyone you’ve been in close contact with (within six feet for a cumulative total of 15 minutes or more over a 24-hour period) during the two days before your symptoms started, or the two days before your test if you have no symptoms. Advise them to get tested and monitor themselves for symptoms.
  • Monitor Your Symptoms: Pay close attention to your symptoms. If you experience any severe symptoms, such as difficulty breathing, persistent chest pain, confusion, or bluish lips or face, seek immediate medical attention.
  • Contact Your Healthcare Provider: Consult with your primary care physician or a healthcare provider. They can provide personalized advice based on your individual health situation and recommend any necessary treatment or monitoring.
  • Follow Local Health Guidelines: Adhere to the guidelines and recommendations issued by your local health department or public health authorities. They may provide specific instructions on isolation, quarantine, and other preventative measures.
  • Consider Treatment Options: If you are at high risk for severe illness, discuss treatment options with your healthcare provider. Antiviral medications, such as Paxlovid or Lagevrio, may be available and can help reduce the risk of hospitalization and death.
  • Stay Hydrated and Rest: Ensure you get plenty of rest and stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids. This can help support your body’s recovery process.

Remember, it is important to follow all recommendations from healthcare professionals and public health officials. This is the best way to protect yourself and others during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Preparing for a COVID-19 Test at Walmart

Getting a COVID-19 test at Walmart is a straightforward process, but a little preparation can make it even smoother. Knowing what to expect and what to bring ensures a hassle-free experience, allowing you to focus on your health and well-being. This guide will walk you through the essential steps to prepare for your test, the testing process itself, and the measures Walmart takes to protect your privacy.

What to Bring and What to Avoid

Proper preparation is key to a successful testing experience. Being ready before you arrive can save you time and ensure the process goes smoothly.

  • Identification: Always bring a valid form of identification, such as a driver’s license, passport, or state-issued ID. This is necessary for verifying your identity and registering for the test.
  • Insurance Information: If you have health insurance, bring your insurance card. Walmart will use this information to bill your insurance provider for the cost of the test, if applicable.
  • Appointment Confirmation: If you scheduled an appointment online, bring your confirmation email or a printout. This helps the staff quickly locate your appointment details.
  • Mask: Wear a face mask throughout the entire testing process, as recommended by health guidelines.
  • Medications (if applicable): If you take any medications regularly, it’s generally fine to take them as usual, unless otherwise advised by your healthcare provider.
  • Avoid Eating or Drinking Shortly Before: Refrain from eating or drinking anything for at least 30 minutes before your test. This is especially important for certain types of tests, such as those that involve a swab of the throat or nose.
  • Avoid Nasal Sprays: Avoid using nasal sprays before your test, as they could potentially interfere with the test results.

The Testing Experience at Walmart

The experience of getting a COVID-19 test at Walmart is designed to be efficient and convenient. From the moment you arrive until the moment you leave, the process is structured to minimize waiting times and ensure a comfortable experience.

Upon arrival, you’ll typically check in at a designated testing area, often located in the pharmacy or a separate tent or facility. The check-in process usually involves:

  • Registration: Providing your identification and insurance information, if applicable.
  • Health Screening: Answering a few questions about your symptoms and medical history.
  • Test Administration: A trained healthcare professional will administer the test. The most common type of test is a nasal swab, where a swab is gently inserted into your nostril to collect a sample. Other tests, such as saliva tests, may also be available.
  • Waiting for Results (if applicable): Depending on the type of test, you may receive your results within a few minutes or a few days. You will typically be given instructions on how to access your results.

Privacy and Confidentiality Measures

Walmart takes the privacy and confidentiality of your test results very seriously. Protecting your personal health information is a top priority.

Walmart adheres to strict privacy regulations, including:

  • HIPAA Compliance: Walmart follows the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) guidelines to protect your health information. This means your test results are kept confidential and are not shared with unauthorized parties.
  • Secure Data Storage: Your test results are stored securely in a protected system, accessible only to authorized personnel.
  • Limited Access: Access to your test results is limited to healthcare professionals and authorized Walmart staff who need the information to provide care or process your test.
  • Result Delivery: Your test results are typically delivered to you through a secure online portal or through a secure messaging system.
  • Data Minimization: Walmart collects only the minimum amount of personal information necessary to administer the test and report the results.

Walmart’s Partnerships and Resources

Navigating the world of COVID-19 testing can feel like traversing a complex maze. Thankfully, Walmart has built a network of collaborations and offers a wealth of resources to help guide you through it. These partnerships and readily available information are designed to make testing more accessible and understandable.

Collaborations with Healthcare Providers and Government Agencies

Walmart doesn’t go it alone; they’ve teamed up with various organizations to bolster their testing capabilities. These collaborations are vital for ensuring widespread access and efficient service delivery.

  • Local and State Health Departments: Walmart frequently works with local and state health departments. These partnerships can involve everything from sharing testing data to assisting with the distribution of testing supplies. This collaborative effort helps to enhance community health responses.
  • Healthcare Providers: Walmart has partnered with healthcare providers to provide testing services, sometimes offering drive-thru testing or in-store clinics. This allows for a more streamlined testing experience and helps to expand testing availability, especially in areas where access to healthcare might be limited.
  • Government Agencies: During the peak of the pandemic, Walmart collaborated with federal agencies, such as the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), to administer COVID-19 tests. These federal partnerships were critical in the initial phases of the testing rollout, helping to quickly establish testing sites across the country.

Resources for Customers Regarding COVID-19 Testing and Related Information, Does walmart do covid testing

Walmart understands that information is key. They’ve developed a range of resources to keep customers informed about testing and related health topics.

  • Online Information Hub: Walmart’s website has a dedicated section for COVID-19 testing, where you can find detailed information. This hub is usually updated with the latest news, testing guidelines, and locations.
  • In-Store Signage and Announcements: You’ll likely see informative signage within Walmart stores directing customers to testing locations and providing basic information about the testing process. Announcements over the store’s public address system may also be used to keep customers informed.
  • Customer Service Support: Walmart’s customer service representatives are often equipped to answer questions about COVID-19 testing. They can guide customers through the process, provide information on insurance coverage, and direct them to relevant resources.
  • Educational Materials: Walmart might provide educational materials, such as brochures or pamphlets, that explain the different types of tests, how to prepare for a test, and what to expect regarding test results. These materials are intended to demystify the testing process and reduce anxiety.

“Walmart is committed to providing convenient and affordable access to COVID-19 testing. We are constantly evaluating our testing services to meet the evolving needs of our customers and communities. Our goal is to support public health efforts and help people stay informed and healthy.”

Changes and Updates in Walmart’s COVID-19 Testing

As the COVID-19 pandemic has evolved, Walmart has consistently adjusted its testing services to meet the changing needs of the public and align with the latest guidance from health authorities. These adaptations reflect a commitment to providing accessible and relevant testing options.

Adaptations to Changing Guidelines and the Evolving Pandemic

Walmart’s approach to COVID-19 testing has been dynamic, reflecting the continuous evolution of the pandemic and guidance from organizations such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and local health departments. This adaptability has been crucial in maintaining the effectiveness and relevance of their testing services.

Recent Changes and Updates to Policies and Procedures

Walmart has implemented several updates to its COVID-19 testing protocols, which include changes to testing eligibility, the types of tests offered, and the procedures for obtaining results. These modifications are designed to streamline the testing process and ensure accuracy.

  • Eligibility: Walmart has adjusted its eligibility criteria for testing, sometimes focusing on individuals experiencing symptoms, those who have been exposed to the virus, or those who need testing for travel or other specific requirements. The eligibility requirements often align with local and national guidelines, and they can vary depending on the community’s infection rates and public health recommendations.
  • Test Types: The availability of different test types, such as PCR and rapid antigen tests, has been updated. The selection of tests has depended on factors like the prevalence of specific variants, the urgency of results needed, and the resources available. For example, during periods of high demand, rapid antigen tests may be prioritized for quicker results.
  • Procedures: The procedures for scheduling tests, providing samples, and receiving results have been refined. Walmart has improved its online scheduling systems to make it easier for people to book appointments. The testing process has been modified to comply with the latest safety protocols, ensuring the well-being of both patients and healthcare staff.
  • Result Delivery: The methods for delivering test results have been improved. Patients may receive their results via email, text message, or through an online portal. Walmart strives to provide results promptly, often within a few days for PCR tests and within minutes for rapid tests, depending on the test type.

Impact of New Variants on Testing Protocols

The emergence of new COVID-19 variants, such as Omicron and its subvariants, has significantly influenced Walmart’s testing protocols. The company has adapted its testing strategies to address the characteristics of these new strains.

  • Test Sensitivity: Walmart has ensured that the tests used are sensitive enough to detect new variants. This involves regular updates to the testing kits and protocols to maintain accuracy. The company may work closely with manufacturers to make sure tests can detect mutations.
  • Testing Recommendations: Walmart has adjusted its testing recommendations to align with the characteristics of new variants. This may involve recommending specific test types based on the likelihood of infection with a particular variant. For example, during periods of high transmission, more frequent testing may be advised.
  • Reporting and Data Analysis: Walmart has improved its reporting and data analysis capabilities to track the spread of new variants. This information is shared with health authorities and used to inform testing strategies.
  • Example: During the rise of the Omicron variant, Walmart may have expanded the availability of PCR tests to provide more accurate detection and differentiation of variants. In contrast, during periods of lower prevalence, rapid antigen tests may have been sufficient for identifying positive cases.

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